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Telescopic sights with variable magnifications appeared later, and were varied by manually adjusting a zoom mechanism behind the erector lenses. Most early telescopic sights were fixed-power, and were in essence specially designed viewing telescopes. In general terms, larger objective lens diameters, due to their ability to gather a higher luminous flux, provide a larger exit pupil and hence provide a brighter image at the eyepiece. For example, "10×50" would denote a fixed magnification factor of 10×, with a 50 mm objective lens. "power") and the objective lens diameter. Telescopic sights are classified in terms of the optical magnification (i.e. The issuing of the ZG 1229 Vampir system to the military started in 1944 and it was used on a small scale in combat from February 1945 until the final stages of World War II.Ī Swift model 687M variable power rifle telescopic sight with parallax compensation (the ring around the objective lens is used for making parallax adjustments). The ZG 1229 Vampir was a Generation 0 active infrared night vision device developed for the Wehrmacht for the StG 44 assault rifle, intended primarily for night use.
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A historic example of a long-eye relief (LER) telescopic sight is the German ZF41 which was used during World War II on Karabiner 98k rifles.Īn early example of a man-portable sight for low visibility/night use is the Zielgerät (aiming device) 1229 (ZG 1229), also known by its code name Vampir ("vampire"). Later telescopic sights with extra long eye relief became available for use on handguns and scout rifles. Īn early practical refracting telescope based telescopic sight was built in 1880 by August Fiedler (of Stronsdorf, Austria), forestry commissioner of German Prince Reuss. Other telescopic sights of the same period were the Davidson and the Parker Hale. Amidon were the standard sharpshooter equipments during the American Civil War. Malcolm's sights and those made by Vermont jeweller L. These Malcolm sights were between 3× and 20× magnification (possibly more). In 1855, optician William Malcolm of Syracuse, New York began producing his own telescopic sight, used an original design incorporating achromatic lenses like those used in telescopes, and improved the windage and elevation adjustments. Chapman gave James the concepts and some of the design, whereupon they produced the Chapman-James sight. Chapman documented the first telescopic sights made by gunsmith Morgan James of Utica, New York. In a book titled The Improved American Rifle, written in 1844, British-American civil engineer John R. The first documented telescopic rifle sight was invented between 18. In the same year, James Lind and Captain Alexander Blair described a gun which included a telescopic sight. In 1776, Charles Willson Peale collaborated with David Rittenhouse to mount a telescope to a rifle as a sighting aid, but was unable to mount it sufficiently far forward to prevent the eyepiece impacting with the operator's eye during recoils. placed a thread where that glass would best discern it, and then joining both glasses, and fitting their distance for any object, I should see this at any part that I did direct it to. "This is that admirable secret, which, as all other things, appeared when it pleased the All Disposer, at whose direction a spider's line drawn in an opened case could first give me by its perfect apparition, when I was with two convexes trying experiments about the sun, the unexpected knowledge.if I. Gascoigne realised that he could use this principle to make a telescopic sight for use in his astronomical observations.
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Later he found that a spider had spun its web inside the case, and when he looked through the telescope he found that the web was in focus with distant objects. In the late 1630s, English amateur astronomer William Gascoigne was experimenting with a Keplerian telescope and left it with the case open. For centuries, different optical aiming aids and primitive predecessors of telescopic sights were created that had practical or performance limitations. The first experiments directed to give shooters optical aiming aids go back to the early 17th century. The Zielgerät ZG 1229 Vampir displayed by a British soldier (ca 1945)